Roosevelt Essays (831 words) - Theodore Roosevelt, Cowboys

Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United states Was the youngest President in the nations history. he took office at the age of 42. Roosevelt had been vice President for only six months when president William McKinley was assassinated. He vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy. He took The view that the president as a "steward of the people" should take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by law or the constitution. "I did not usurp power, " he wrote, "but i did greatly broaden the use of executive power." Roosevelt's youth differed sharply from that of the log cabin Presidents. he was born in New York city on October 27,1858 into a wealthy family, but he too struggled--against ill health. When Theodore was about 12, his father told him that he would need a strong body to give his mind a chance to develop fully. The next year, while on a trip to Maine, Theodore was tormented by two mischievous boys. He felt ashamed because he was not strong enough to fight back. Roosevelt's father built a gymnasium in the family home, and Theodore exercised there regularly. He overcame his asthma and built up unusual physical strength. Roosevelt studied under tutors until he entered Harvard University in 1876 at the age of 18. He earned good grades in college. Roosevelt graduated from Harvard in 1880. In October 1879, Roosevelt met Alice Hathaway Lee. Roosevelt courted Alice during his senior year at Harvard. They married on his 22nd birthday. A double tragedy struck on Feb. 14, 1884. Alice Roosevelt died two days after the birth of a daughter. On the same day, Roosevelt's mother died if typhoid fever. Roosevelt spent much of the next two years on his ranch in the badlands of Dakota Territory. There he mastered his sorrow as he lived in the saddle, driving cattle, hunting big game--he even captured an outlaw. On a visit to London, he married Edith Kermit Carow in December 1886. During the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt recruited men for a cavalry regiment. This unit became the First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. Under Roosevelt s command, it won fame as the Rough Riders. He led the Rough Riders on a charge at the Battle of San Juan. Roosevelt was one of the most conspicuous heroes of the war. Twenty years later he declared:"San Juan was the great day of my life. Thomas C. Platt, needing a hero to draw attention away from scandals in New York State, accepted Roosevelt as the Republican candidate for governor in 1898. Roosevelt won and served with distinction. As president, Roosevelt held the ideal that the Government should be the great arbiter of the conflicting economic forces in the nation, especially between capital and labor, guaranteeing justice to each and dispensing favors to none. Roosevelt emerged spectacurlarly as a "trust buster" by forcing the dissolution of a great railroad combination in the northwest. During Roosevelt's presidency, the government filed suits against 43 other corporations. In major cases, the government ended John D. Rockerfeller's oil trust and James B. Duke's tobacco trust. Roosevelt steered the united States more actively into world politics. He liked to quote a favorite proverb , "Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far. Aware of the strategic need for a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, Roosevelt ensured the construction of the Panama Canal. His corollary to the monroe Doctrine prevented the establishment of foreign bases in the Caribbean and arrogated the sole right of intervention in Latin America to the United States. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War. He was the first American to win a Nobel Prize. He reached a Gentleman's agreement on immigration with Japan. In 1907, Roosevelt decided to display American naval power. He sent 16 new battleships on a good-will tour of the world. These ships became known as the Great White Fleet because they were painted white. Roosevelt viewed the tour as a part of "big stick" diplomacy. Some of Theodore Roosevelt's most effective achievements were in conservation. He added about 150 million acres to the national forests and in 1905 established the United States Forest Service. he also set up five new national parks. By executive order, he created the first 51 federal bird reservations and the first four national game preserves. The Roosevelt children and their friends became known as the "White House Gang." The President sometimes joined in the children's games. One day, he heard thet

Criminal Profiling in Court

Criminal Profiling in Court Free Online Research Papers All societies in the world are troubled by crime everyday. The general public has become very fascinated by criminals and fearful of criminal behavior. In the fight against crime, criminal profiling has been developed to aid the FBI in the capture of criminals. At the heart of criminal profiling is a combination of psychological principles and crime scene analysis. In combining both the psychological principles and crime scene analysis, it is possible to identify the likely characteristics of a perpetrator. Although this technique is very helpful, there appears to be many contradictions and disagreements when it comes to the two types of criminal profiling. The two types of criminal profiling, inductive and deductive, are very different in many ways. The most commonly used type of criminal profiling would be deductive, due to the fact that it requires an individual to have a specialized education and training in the field at question. Criminal Profiling in Court Criminal profiling is a general term that describes any process of inferring distinctive personality characteristics of individuals responsible for committing criminal acts from physical and/or behavioral evidence. The FBI defines criminal investigative analysis as an investigative process that identifies the major personality and behavioral characteristics of the offender based on the crimes he or she has committed. Profiles are known to work best when the offender displays obvious psychopathology, such as sadistic torture, postmortem mutilation or pedophilia. A profile can offer helpful information that includes the offender’s general age range, racial identity, ideas about the modus operandi, estimates about living situation, education level, travel patterns, the possibility of a criminal or psychiatric record, and probable psychological traits. When criminal profilers examine materials in the trial phase of a case, they are forensic examiners whether they care to be or no t. The duties are profiler include, but are not limited to evaluating the criminal act itself, evaluating the specifics of the crime scene, analyzing the victim, evaluating the preliminary police reports, evaluating the medical examiner’s autopsy report, developing the profile with critical offender characteristics and investigating suggestions on the construction of the profile. In completing these duties, there are two types of profiling one could follow. The most common and useful form of profiling is known as deductive profiling. Deductive profiling concerns itself with the particular behavioral evidence of a case as the physical evidence has established it. The process of interpreting forensic evidence, including such inputs as crime scene photos, autopsy reports/photos, and a thorough study of individual offender victimology. Deductive profiling is deduced from the careful forensic examination and behavioral reconstruction of a single offender’s crime scene. There are many advantages of using deductive profiling as opposed to inductive profiling. Deductive profiling requires specialized education and training in forensic science, crime reconstruction, and wound pattern analysis. Because it thoroughly explores victimology and the nature of the interaction between the victim(s), crime scene(s), and the offender, it can very pointedly demonstrate an individual offender’s motivations and in even the most bizarre senseless offenses. One major advantage of deductive profiling is that is examines behaviors of individual offenders as they occur over time. By examining the behaviors over time, it allows for change and growth to arrive and the analysis is recompiled back into the criminal profile. Along with the advantages are the disadvantages of deductive profiling. It is not a quick fix or a cure all. The technique requires a great deal of effort and multidisciplinary skill on the part of each member of the investigative team. The process of deductive profiling is extremely emotionally exhausting and it cannot point out a specific known individual and say with confidence that they are likely responsible for a certain crime or series of crimes unless that offender’s unique signature is known and already established. Many people have assumptions about deductive profiling in that the offender acts without motivation. Profilers using deductive profiling believe that all human behavior develops uniquely, over time, in response to environmental and biological factors. In believing that, profilers also feel that some offenders have unique motivations and/or behaviors that should be individuated from other similar offenders. One example of deductive profiling as follows: the body of a female victim is found nude in a remote forest location with four shallow, careful incisions on the chest and cutting across the nipples. The victim’s genital areas have all been removed with a sharp instrument and petechia are evident in the eyes, neck, and face. No clothing or blood is found at the crime scene. The victim bears ligature furrows around her wrists with abraded contusions, but no ligature is present. There are fresh tire impressions found in the mud, approximately twenty yards from where the body is located. Involving that case, the established deductive profile would conclude: The offender in this particular offense bound the victim to restrain her while she was still aliv e, indicated by the abrasions around her wrists associated with struggling. The offender removed the ligature before disposing of the body, indicated by the fact that no ligature was found at the crime scene. The victim was likely asphyxiated with a material ligature about the neck, indicated by the pattern compression and the petechia. The location where the body was found is a disposal site and not the actual location of the offense, indicated by the fact that no blood was present at this location. The offender has a vehicle consistent with the tire impressions and is mobile. All of these details together indicate a competent, intelligent offender whom is likely able to sustain employment, and is likely a sexual sadist. This is deductively suggested by the vehicle, the use of secondary scene to dispose of the body to avoid transfer evidence, the removal of the victim’s clothing, and the deliberate cutting of the victim’s nipples to cause pain but not seriously injure. Inductive profiling is also known as statistical profiles and are nothing more than weakly supported generalizations that have little or rational bearing on the issues before the court. It is a very easy tool to use and does not require any specialized forensic knowledge, education or training in the study of criminal behavior. Inductive profiles can be assembled in a short period of time without any great effort or ability. Although it is not the most reliable for all situations, inductive profiling can be useful for thoroughly establishing MO behavior, as well as offender signature. There are many disadvantages of inductive profiling, which is why many agencies don’t use it. The information is generalized from limited population samples and not specifically related to any case. The profiles are averaged from limited data and collected only from known, apprehended off enders. The inductive profile does not fully or accurately take into account current offenders who are at large, or the criminals who are successfully continuing to avoid detection by law enforcement. With so many disadvantages comes many assumptions about inductive profiling. Many profilers using this technique assume that small groups of known offenders who commit the same types of crimes as unknown offenders have commonly shared individual characteristics that can be accurately generalized back to initially similar individual unknown offenders. Another assumption associated with inductive profiling is that offenders who have committed crimes in the past are culturally similar to current offenders, being influence by at least similar environmental conditions and existing with the same general and sometimes specific motivations. One example of inductive profiling is as follows: eighty percent of known serial killers that attack college students in parking lots are white makes age twenty-thirty five years old who live with their mothers and drive Volkswagen Bugs. The offender has attacked at least three female college students on separate occasions; the offender has attacked all three victims in parking lots. The inductive profile concludes that the offender, who is park of this large group who fits â€Å"serial killers† is a white male, age twenty- thirty five, lives with his mother and drives a Volkswagen Bug. The profile is formed to show basically all statistical information. In using both types of profiling there are problems that arise from both of them. Some profilers have ignorance about the nature of criminal profiling and physical evidence in general. The lack of restraint with which many criminal profilers give their opinions instead of facts. An early case study involving Richard Trenton Chase, also know n as the â€Å"Vampire of Sacramento†, was quickly identified and apprehended with the help of a psychological profile in 1978. Mr. Chase had murdered a woman in her home, eviscerating her and drinking her blood. The crime was so brutal that the FBI was called in and gave the profilers a chance to show what they were worth. Agents Robert Ressler and Russ Vorpagel developed independent profiles that helped to catch Mr. Chase. His arrest stopped a string of murders, that apparently from marks on his calendar were to include forty-four victims in the same year. Without the technique of criminal profiling, no one is sure whether or not Mr. Chase would have been apprehended. Conclusion Although many people in today’s society can watch television and see shows that involve criminal profiling, it can be a huge misunderstanding of what profiling can truly achieve. Criminal profilers operating in the sensitive area of criminal investigations receive greater public attention and therefore, will have to display caution in the conclusions they draw in a case. A lack of clarity remains between the differing profiling fractions in relation to the application of the technique in criminal investigations. It is always important to recognize that the results of the profiling process are only as competent as the original investigative efforts and processes which provide, or in many cases fail to provide, the physical evidence fro which criminal behavior is reconstructed. Research Papers on Criminal Profiling in CourtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Honest Iagos Truth through Deception

Iran's nuclear ambitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Iran's nuclear ambitions - Essay Example In this age of variegated ideological, economic and cultural differences and interests, the renunciation of nuclear weapons may, on the fact of it, sounds utopian. Even the results of so many treaties and meetings on banning nuclear weapons have not yielded encouragement of a considerable amplitude and one inclines to conclude that with the progress made so far in this direction and with sustained efforts to mobilize public opinion against building nuclear stockpiles, renunciation would be an impossible feat. Since 1957 [1], the Iranian nuclear program proved to be a dilemma for the rest of the world. As the 21st century set its pace, Iranian nuclear issue has attracted a substantial attention of the world. There has been a long held world-wide suspicion that the Islamic republic of Iran has been pursuing a nuclear weapon capability over least two decades The last couple of year’s events have strengthened this suspicion. That suspicion is fed by Iran’s impel to obtain all capabilities of nuclear power technology, whether economically corroborated or not [2]. Iran’s strong cadence towards the realization of nuclear technology that would consent Iran to produce highly enriched uranium and nuclear explosives plutonium, is especially worrisome for the rest of the world and particularly United States and its close allies.This fact has been vehemently denied by the Tehran Islamic regime. It asserts that Iran’s nuclear activities and development is for peaceful purposes and not for making nuclear arsenals... Iran has signed multilateral Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) [4] and has agreed to accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) supervision, or safeguards, over a host of nuclear activities. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) allows transfers of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes to non-nuclear weapon states. The treaty even facilitates that as long as nuclear facilities are accessible to IAEA inspectors the the production of enriched uranium and separation of plutonium from irradiated reactor fuel is not illegal, while IAEA safeguards main purpose is to provide confidence building measures that peaceful nuclear facilities in non-nuclear states are not exploited for nuclear weapon purposes [5]. On December 18, 2003, Iran went one step ahead when it had signed an additional protocol that allowed IAEA inspectors to access Iranian nuclear R&D locations and military-owned workshops. The IAEA inspectors also conducted interviews to Iranian nuclear program individuals and examined the design and procurement documents. IAEA surveillance system was also installed at Isfahan ____________________________________________________________________________________ [3] "Iran's Resumption of Its Nuclear Program" By Frederic L. Kirgis, The American Society of International Law (ASIL) Insight, dated: August 22, 2005. Available at, http://www.asil.org/insights/2005/08/insights050822.htm [4] Iran had signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on July 1, 1968 during Shah Rule. See "Iran's Nuclear Program Has a Long History" written by Roland Flamini, reference [1]. [5] "Iran, International Law and Nuclear Disarmament", by David Krieger, February 2006. Available at,

Gender and History in Modern South Asia Research Paper

Gender and History in Modern South Asia - Research Paper Example Mani states that one of the reasons that the colonial government abolished the right known as sati was as a result of the belief that it was an inhuman practice that did not put into consideration the rights of the women who underwent it.1 Colonial officials believed that sati was done because the family of women’s husbands did not wish to be saddled with the upkeep of widows. Furthermore, it was believed that these families did not wish widows to contest their husbands’ estates and this was a reason why they were coerced to undergo the right. The result was that the colonial government came to believe that the women who underwent sati were coerced to do so by greedy relatives and members of the Brahmin caste who were called upon to officiate the occasion. Colonial officials wished to institute laws that were designed to ensure that women were protected against what they saw as the depravity of the whole practice of sati, hence the move to abolish it. However, contempor ary scholarship shows that despite there being some cases of women being coerced to undergo sati, a significant number of them went willingly and there were instances where despite being held back by their relatives, they fought their way to the pyre so that they could go with their husbands. In addition, contemporary scholarship shows that some people within the local population were also opposed to sati and made arguments that mirrored those of colonial officials. Contemporary scholars are shown to believe that the sati would have eventually have come to an end in India without the intervention of the colonial government and despite the belief among the latter that sati was practiced all over India, was not as widespread and had fallen into disuse except for Calcutta and the areas surrounding it.

A health needs assessment of a community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A health needs assessment of a community - Essay Example Hounslow is the ninth largest borough in London with an area of twenty two square miles. Chiswick lies to the east and Bedfont to the west. The borough has one thousand two hundred and thirty eight hectares of open space in the form of seventy four parks and recreation centres. The rivers Thames, Brent, Crane, Longford and Duke of Northumberland run through the borough. Hounslow has been historically related to transportation and related services. Hounslow has hotels and guest houses that serve passengers travelling via the Heathrow Airport, located nearby. The Hounslow residential area caters to diverse tastes. It has parks, nature reserves, leisure centres, a pedestrianised high street, facilities for shopping and entertainment, and theatres for lovers of drama, music and comedy. The town centre offers amenities such as the Treaty Center, cafes and the local library around the high street. The economy of Hounslow has been benefited by redevelopment around the region, especially by the creation of new business parks in Chiswick and Bedfont. This has attracted media, pharmaceuticals and technology companies to the borough, besides existing businesses such as GlaxoSmithKline and BSkyB. Residents are employed in the airport supply chain, in industries such as retail, catering, freight, transport, logistics and security. 212,341 people were living in Hounslow in 2001. 104,239 were males and 108,102 were females. The population density (per person hectares) was 37.93. 99.14 percent of the people were living in households. 6.71 percent of the people were less than 4 years old. 12.6 percent of the people were in the age group 10-19. 58.88 percent of the people were in the age group 20-59. The mean age of the population was 35.42 years. The median age of the population was 33 years. 166,863 people aged 16 and over in households. 53.2 percent of these were living in a couple. Among 168,609 people aged 16 and over, 37.7

The Marketing Plan Of Yamaha

The Marketing Plan Of Yamaha Introduction India Yamaha Motor Private Limited. Yamaha made its initial foray into India in 1985. Subsequently, it entered into a 50:50 joint-venture with the Escorts Group in 1996. However, in August 2001, Yamaha acquired its remaining stake becoming a 100% subsidiary of Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd, Japan (YMC). In 2008, Mitsui Co., Ltd. entered into an agreement with YMC to become a joint-investor in the motorcycle manufacturing company India Yamaha Motor Private Limited (IYM). IYM operates from its state-of-the-art manufacturing units at Surajpur in Uttar Pradesh and Faridabad in Haryana and produces motorcycles for both domestic and export markets. With a strong workforce of more than 2,000 employees, IYM is highly customer-driven and has a countrywide network of over 400 dealers. Presently, its product portfolio includes VMAX (1,679cc), MT01 (1,670cc), YZF-R1 (998cc),YZF-R15 (150cc), Fazer (153cc), FZ-S (153cc), FZ16 (153cc), SZ SZ-X (153cc), SS125 (123cc), YBR 125 (123cc), YBR 110 (106cc) and Crux (106cc). . Vision They will establish YAMAHA as the exclusive trusted brand of customers by creating Kando (touching their hearts) the first time and every time with world class products services delivered by people having passion for customers. .Mission/Objectives They are committed to: Be the Exclusive Trusted Brand renowned for marketing and manufacturing of YAMAHA products, focusing on serving their customer where they can build long term relationships by raising their lifestyle through performance excellence, proactive design innovative technology. Their innovative solutions will always exceed the changing needs of their customers and provide value added vehicles. Build the Winning Team with capabilities for success, thriving in a climate for action and delivering results. Their employees are the most valuable assets and they intend to develop them to achieve international level of professionalism with progressive career development. As a good corporate citizen, they will conduct their business ethically and socially in a responsible manner with concerns for the environment. Grow through continuously innovating their business processes for creating value and knowledge across their customers thereby earning the loyalty of their partners increasing their stakeholder value. .Customer no.1 They put customers first in everything they do. They take decisions keeping the customer in mind. Challenging Spirit They strive for excellence in everything they do and in the quality of goods services they provide. They work hard to achieve what they commit achieve results faster than their competitors and they never give up. Team-work They work cohesively with their colleagues as a multi-cultural team built on trust, respect, understanding mutual co-operation. Everyones contribution is equally important for their success. Frank Fair Organization They are honest, sincere, open minded, fair transparent in their dealings. They actively listen to others and participate in healthy frank discussions to achieve the organizations goals/objectives. India Yamaha Motor Limited, known for its strong focus on the urban market in the country, has decided to go for a strategic shift in its business move. The two-wheeler player which is only a fringe player in the countrys rural market, which accounts for only 15% of its overall sales, intends to tap this market in a big way. YBR 110, the latest bike from the Yamaha stable to have been launched in India, will target the rural markets. As of that time, Yamaha Crux is the companys best seller in the rural market due to its good quality, long life engine and high mileage. Rural markets are the growth drivers for any company and they are no different. Yamaha has already penetrated into the entry level segment and has been successful in all its ventures. To tap this potential segment, they are focusing on increasing their network strength in tier-2 and tier-3 cities and increasing their sub-dealers in rural areas,, national business head, India Yamaha Motor Limited told Business Standard.Yamaha Crux is doing very well in the domestic and overseas market. Adding to this is their new launch YBR 110 which will definitely target the rural markets, add to their sales numbers and increase their presence in the rural areas. They expect to grow more and improve their performance in rural India, Yamaha is wary of competition from the well entrenched players but hopes to counter the competition through its unique product offering. They dont see any direct competition between Yamahas offerings and other companies. The Indian biking market is undergoing a complete transformation in terms of both product offering and customer preferences. Today, the Indian biker is driven by technology and style and Yamaha products perfectly fit the bill. Though Yamaha has a 12% market share in the deluxe bike segment, it is still a marginal player in the countrys two-wheeler market with a meagre share of 3.5%. Yamaha Motor Corp will invest about $200 million in its Indian unit over three years as it completes a third plant, which will ramp up capacity to 1 million units. For the coming three years, they think they will invest 7-8 billion rupees ($178-203 million), Takashi Kajikawa, president and CEO of Yamaha Motor, told a news conference at the India Auto Expo. Theyre looking at getting double-digit growth. They should touch 10% (market share) by 2010. By end-2010, Yamaha will complete its third plant in India, on the outskirts of New Delhi, and raise capacity to 1 million bikes annually. The company is targeting a share of 10% by the end of 2012. Yamaha has seen a fall in its sales in India, with April-December 2007 figures half of those for the corresponding period of 2006, part of a general decline in bike sales in India brought about by rising financing costs. They were focussing on rural market but by rising financing costs the sales and demand has seen a great fall. Their products enter in the declining stage. Product Declining Stage A reduction in product demand and sales occurs either slowly or rapidly, depending on the type of product provided to consumers, thus causing the product to enter the decline stage. A Sale decline may be due to technological advances, shifts in consumer tastes, or increased competition. Management can choose to continue to market the product (also known as maintaining the product), harvesting the product by reducing overhead costs such as RD in the hopes of continued sales of the product. As this the demand and sales of Yamaha bikes were reducing in India because people wants premium and deluxe products and Yamaha emphasis on value for money. So the sales of Yamaha bikes were drastically declining in Indian market . Sales always decline in this stage. Understanding the decline stage will help us to keep our product producing sales longer. In the decline stage of the marketing product development cycle, product owners lower or discontinue marketing efforts and expenses. The trick is for lower marketing efforts of them while competitors discontinue theirs. Similarly, if we continue to sell our product while our competitors pull their products from the market, we can squeeze out the last few sales for our product. Marketing Product Life Cycle Why Sales Decline Sales decline during this stage of the marketing product life cycle because: the market has become saturated, the technology has become obsolete, or the trend creating the demand has ended. The result is that unless our product is perishable or consumable, few customers still want or need our product. Market segmentation can enable us to find those few customers and to out-market our competitors to get those customers purchases. Marketing Product Life Cycle Using Marketing Research Can Slow Decline To continue making enough sales to earn a profit, we need to use market research to determine: how much you need to lower prices, which distribution outlets we should use at this stage, and how our other products can benefit from brand marketing from our declining product. Just as we want our child to have a long life and live well into senior years, we want our product to extend its life through the decline stage of the marketing product life cycle. Market segmentation can provide extended life to our product by revealing the last remnants of customers needing the product and by discovering new uses for our product. So we can increase our profits through this final stage of the marketing product life cycle. Product Development Meaning- The overall process of strategy, organization, concept generation, product and marketing plan creation and evaluation, and commercialization of a new product Innovative new products are the fuel for the most powerful growth engine we can connect to. If we decide to develop new products as part of our growth plan, were in good company. New product development can be described as a five-stage process, beginning with generating ideas and progressing to marketing completed products. In between are processes where we evaluate and screen product ideas, take steps to protect your ideas, and finalize design in an RD stage. Following are details on each stage: Generating ideas -Generating ideas consists of two parts: creating an idea and developing it for commercial sale. There are many good techniques for idea creation, including brainstorming, random association and even daydreaming. We may want to generate a long list of ideas and then whittle them down to a very few that appear to have commercial appeal. Evaluating and screening product ideas- Everybody likes their own ideas, but that doesnt mean others will. When we are evaluating ideas for their potential, its important to get objective opinions. For help with technical issues, many companies take their ideas to testing laboratories, engineering consultants, product development firms, and university and college technical testing services. When it comes to evaluating an ideas commercial potential, many entrepreneurs use the Preliminary Innovation Evaluation System (PIES) technique. This is a formal methodology for assessing the commercial potential of inventions and innovations. Protecting your ideas- If we think weve come up with a valuable idea for a new product, we should take steps to protect it. Most people who want to protect ideas think first of patents. There are good reasons for this. For one thing, we will find it difficult to license our idea to other companies, should we wish to do so, without patent protection. However, getting a patent is a lengthy, complicated process, and one we shouldnt embark on without professional help; this makes the process expensive. If we wish to pursue a patent for our ideas, contact a registered patent attorney or patent agent. Many firms choose to protect ideas using trade secrecy. This is simply a matter of keeping knowledge of their ideas, designs, processes, techniques or any other unique component of their creation limited to thereself or a small group of people. Most trade secrets are in the areas of chemical formulas, factory equipment, and machines and manufacturing processes. The formula for Coca-Cola is one of the best-recognized and most successful trade secrets. Finalizing design research and development- Research and development is necessary for refining most designs for new products and services. As the owner of a growing company, we are in a good position when it comes to this stage. Most independent inventors dont have the resources to pay for this costly and often protracted stage of product introduction. Most lenders and investors are trapped by a Catch-22 mentality that makes them reluctant to invest in ideas until after theyre proven viable in the marketplace. If we believe in our idea, we can be the first to market. RD consists of producing prototypes, testing them for usability and other features, and refining the design until we wind up with something we think we can make and sell for a profit. This may involve test-marketing, beta testing, analysis of marketing plans and sales projections, cost studies, and more. As the last step before you commit to rolling your product out, RD is perhaps the most important step of all. Promoting and marketing your product- Now that we have a ready-for-sale product, its time to promote, market and distribute it. Many of the rules that apply to existing products also apply to promoting, marketing and distributing new products. However, new products have some additional wrinkles. For instance, our promotion will probably consist of a larger amount of customer education, since we will be offering them something they have never seen before. Our marketing may have to be broader than the niche efforts weve used in the past because, odds are, well be a little unsure about the actual market out there. Finally, we may need to test some completely new distribution channels until we find the right place to sell our product. Strategic Marketing Tools Our tools are organized under our 5-Step Planning process. See down to find the step and tool that interests us most. The Market To Win Five Step Planning Process. Key Tasks 1.Pre-planning 3b. Define the Key Challenges 3a. Segment the Market 3d. Define the Value Proposition 3c. Target the Best Segments 3.Formulate Marketing Strategy 2b. Internal Business Audit 2a. External Market Audit 1b. Launch the Work 1a. Plan the Work 2.Undertake Marketing Audit 4. Complete the Marketing Plan 5. Implement Review 1. Pre-planning- The pre planning by Yamaha is that they pre-prepare themselves for the this declining stage of their bikes. They already made new bikes from their own product innovations for that drastic situation of declining and just need the right time to launch them. 2. Marketing audit/research-They did market research in advance that their products are declining because of rising financing cost. As they were focussing rural market and rising financing cost has affects the sales of their products. They also research that the taste of consumers are also changed, where their product was declining because of rising financing cost on the other side consumer are ready to buy premium and deluxe bikes. Business for premium and deluxe bikes was increased. 3. Market strategy- The market strategy Yamaha used that time they introduce their right products as per market demand. They focus on premium bikes segment that time. The key challenge was rising financing cost. They understand that the price will be not an issue for the premium and deluxe segment customers so the rising financing cost will not effect the sales and demand of their products and they were right. 4. Market plan- Yamaha uses right market plan with right market audit and with their right products for that time and got success for firm. 5. Implemented review- They implemented the right market plan in that declining stage of their products and in review they got success for their brand, products and maintain their image in motor biking industry. It is a sad fact that many marketing plans do not get implemented well.   There are many possible reasons for this but certainly poor project and change management is a key one.   If we do the pre-planning work well, there is more chance the Marketing Plan will be accepted and implemented as Yamaha done. Re-launch or reposition One strategy is the re-launch and re-position mature brands. Yamaha doesnt use this strategy because the taste of consumers is also changed. Product Innovation Product innovation is another strategy. They uses this strategy they innovate with their own products like Yamaha R1 and introduce their new products. The firm launched four new models in 2008. Two of them was of 125 cc and launched in February 2008. The other two, both of 150 cc, came in July and in November. Three new Yamaha Bikes for India in 2008 Globally, Yamaha Motorcycles has a performance oriented brand image and is known for their technological excellence. But thats not the case for Yamaha India with their damp and not so exciting current line-up of bikes. Realizing the power and growth potential of the Indian 2-wheeler market, Yamaha is bent on re-establishing themselves in India, only this time aiming for the brand image rather than going after mass market sales. As part of their strategy YMI recently launched the world class YZF R1 and MT01, furthermore Yamaha launched 3 new bikes in India in 2008. Yamaha YZF-R15 2008 Yamaha yzf r15 India Sports oriented, Yamaha YZF R15 is a track ready, made for India bike inheriting from the Yamaha R1. The new single cylinder, 4-stroke, 150cc engine has 4-valves, is liquid cooled and have Fuel Injection. The bike also has front and rear disc brakes. R15 launched in India in 2008. The power output was around 18 bhp. Yamaha FZ (150) Yamaha fz 150 India 2008 IMO The best looking among the 3, the Yamaha FZ is a mean-looking naked street bike, again made for India inheriting from the European FZ1. FZ share R15à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s 150cc single cylinder engine but have air-cooled.Yamaha FZ 150 was also launched in India 2008. Yamaha Gladiator Type SS / RS Yamaha Gladiator 2008 SS RS India Yamaha Gladiator was available in two new variants Type SS (Stylish Sporty) Type RS (Racing Sports) and these bikes have the 125 cc engine block. Yamaha says SS RS have 26 improved features to make them dynamic and best performing bikes in their class. Gladiator Type SS / RS was also launched in India by the end of February 2008. Indian consumers got the feel of the superbikes mainly from the movie Dhoom (thanks to John Abrahams Hayabusa) and after that theyve been witnessing a regular growth in both, the sales and options (superbikes) available in India. Sources in the industry confirm that almost 600 superbikes are imported every year, which includes those imported by the company and those that come from indirect routes. Apart from growing in the domestic market, Yamaha is also looking to scale up its exports. They are very hopeful of increasing exports from India. In 2009 and so far in 2010, they have received good response and orders from the overseas markets. they export Gladiator Type SS, FZ16, YZF-R15, Crux, Enticer, Alba, G5 to countries like Colombia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Kenya, Bangladesh, Philippines. They definitely look forward to increase their presence in the overseas market and grow in terms of exports. Yamaha plans to capture larger market share in India. It is aiming for a 20% share in the Indian bike segment especially in deluxe and premium range products. They have been receiving an overwhelming response for their premium and deluxe segment models. They have clocked a robust performance so far and should achieve a market share of 20% in the deluxe and premium segments. Currently Yamaha has 3.5% market share in India but the sales are picking up very fast and the company foresees a robust growth in coming years. By end of 2012, it intends to have at least 10-12% market share in the country. They expect to grow 40% in 2010 and 30% in 2011. Their main growth will be from the FZ series. Premium products like YZF-R15 and FZ-15 continue to showcase strong demand and robust sales. In the deluxe segment, they have succeeded in garnering a market share of 12%. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH Good quality Long life engine High mileage Unique product offering Technology Style Brand WEAKNESS Wrong focus segment Emphasis on value for money Wrong trend OPPURTUNITY Innovation Increased product quality Product for rural areas Big market (domestically globaly) THREAT Competition Strength Yamaha has good quality motor bikes. Their bikes engine are long lasting and fuel efficients. They uses Japanese technology for their products. They offers unique products to market. They have different styles of product and they are known for their brand image in motor biking industry. Weakness They were previously focus on wrong segments. They emphasis on manufacturing value for money products. The trend on focusing on rural industry was wrong. Opportunity They have innovated opportunity to launch their new products. They have increased quality products like R15 and FZ16. They have opportunity to rule for urban as well as rural areas. They have big market opportunity domestic and internationaly. Threat Yamaha have lots of threat from their competition. Yamaha is wary of competition from the well entrenched players but hopes to counter the competition through its unique product offering. The Seven Ps of Marketing The basic Four Ps of Marketing Product This is the most important thing in the mix, the physical product or the service that the entity is offering for sale to the public. We will need to market this to the customers by telling them the unique features and benefits the product has to offer as Yamaha did most of the time when its value for money they emphasis on that, when its about looks and image they shows that as well. Price This is the price or amount that the customer needs to giveaway in exchange of the product or service we are offering. Marketing strategy will need to ensure that people will get the perceived value as greater than the price they will need to giveaway. Yamaha give the price of normal bikes and gave the looks of superbikes. Placement Placement or distribution, we will need to spell out where the product or service is available. This may either be online or offline, we will need to inform the public where the products may be available. Yamaha places their products in showrooms as well their full descriptive images online. Promotion We will need to promote the product or service whether online of offline. Online marketing makes it cheaper to conduct promotions and reach as many people as possible. Yamaha mostly uses brand ambassadors for the products and also promotes in motoracing. The next three Ps People In order for any marketing activity to be effective, to will need to train and motivate the people to do their job. The people that delivers the product or service and those that come in between the customer and the manufacturer needs to know their job for the strategy to work. People may also refer to the customers who will need to buy our products, they are very important to be considered in the development of our marketing strategy. Yamaha trained their people on routine intervals so they can get the best out of them. Process Customer satisfaction is one of the most important roles of marketing. If we can follow the process of delivering high quality service or products to the customers, Our marketing efforts will never be wasted. As Yamaha did uses the process and deliver the right product on right time. Physical evidence Online, it is difficult for the customer to know how the product is going to benefit them. Thus, we will need to create an element by which the customer will be able to feel, taste and smell the product or experience the service. We can do reports and articles that will excite the customers about the product and the service. Yamaha shows the physical evidence of their products in commercials, movies and road shows. Conclusions In conclusion, the success of Yamaha is inseparable with the scientific business strategy. The business strategy is a general concept. It includes two indispensable elements called competitive strategy and marketing strategies as well as the concept of the business strategy. The strategic concept of Yamaha is to take the demand-side strategy. Yamaha subdivides the whole market into several objective markets according to the researches about the partialities of different individuals. And then different types of motor bikes are put into the market aimed at attracting different consumer groups. The competitive strategy of Yamaha is to improve the innovative ability to win the competitive advantage. Strong technological innovation ability makes Yamaha stand in the most forward position of motor bikes industry all the time, and characterized this brand by a special vitality. And the marketing mix of Yamaha is to use the integrated marketing strategy including product, price, promotion and place. It values the construction of a brand, the orientation of its products and pays a lot of attention to technology improvement. It increases the sales through sensitive advertisement, presentation to the celebrities and large-scale entertainment.  Ã‚   Expectations from the Course Module: When I started this assignment, I had a perception that marketing is identical to sales. Being from commerce back round I also thought that marketing is conflicting to financial studies. However now I can analyze that marketing is a social science. Through the interactive lectures I have learnt that marketing brings together all the elements of management together, namely finance, operations and human resource management. Overall the course module has geared me up as a person who now has managerial skills in all types of verticals. Learning Outcome: I would like to start my learning outcomes from the same fact that being from the Commerce background and always took Marketing as a very spendthrift department and always thought they are trying to put up their Budgets and Expenditures very high and would not allow them to get around to utilize the Budget as they wished or planned. I was always critical of the plans of the Marketing team in the company where I work and would always argue and win back as much pounds as I could to cut on their lucrative Budgetary proposals. But after the Tutor brought in the various Marketing concepts like Situation Analysis, Branding, Segmentation, Marketing Mix, etc., were very clear. The situational analysis taught me how to use the tools of SWOT, PESTLE, the five competitive forces of Michael Porter. That the objectives of an organization or business should be realistic came to light through the learning of the SMART theory of goal setting. I understood that how the goal of a business or company are aligned at every level of business and that their vision and mission are clear.. The tactics part actually has presented before me the entire marketing mix process. It has taught me how the 7Ps of marketing are useful across an organisation or a product or service. The 7ps have taught me how to integrate different methods in management to analyze the operational effectiveness of a business. Personal Experience: My experience as a student in this subject has been great one and has given me a great learning for imparting at my place of business. The concepts that have been taught in the class by the tutor, I am convinced that I can have great success in the marketing field now. As prior to this course module I had always shied off from marketing plans or topics. This is how I have been able to put my learning experience into the learning about Yamaha.

Mummification Essay -- essays research papers

Mummification is the form of embalming practiced by the ancient Egyptians. The mummification process changed over time from the Old Kingdom, when only kings could be mummified to the New Kingdom, in which everyone could be mummified. The entire process of mummification to be completed took 70 days. After a body was delivered to the per nefer, which is where the embalmers conducted their tasks. The first thing that was done was put the deceased on a slanted table. The first thing that needed to be removed was the soft, moist body parts that would cause decay. As the embalmers removed these parts, blood and other bodily fluids came out and went down the table being collected into a bowl. During the old and Middle Kingdoms, the brain was left in the head, in which it just dried up over time. When these mummies are moved you can hear the hardened pieces of the brain rolling around in the mummies head. Then in the New Kingdom, the embalmers started removing the brain. They would break open the bone that separates the nasal cavity from the brain cavity. They did this by shoving a sharp instrument up the nose. After they broke the bone, the embalmers used a hook to either take the brain out piece by piece, or used the hook to stir the brain until it was liquefied. If it was liquefied they would turn the body face down so that the brain would spill out of the nostrils. The reason the Egyptians were so rough with the brain because they didn’t think that the brain had...

Aggression-Discuss the Three Psychological Approaches Essay

What is aggression? During my research, I have noted various definitions of aggression and have often found it to be coupled with violence. This human trait is so complex that it is difficult to pinpoint any one description, but I believe that for the purpose of this essay, this extremely loose term will have to suffice, as aggression is viewed differently according to the different approaches. â€Å"Aggression – a wide variety of acts that involve attack† (The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology-Third Edition 2001) In this essay, I will explain and evaluate three psychological approaches of aggression from Sigmund Freud, Burrhus F Skinner and Carl R Rogers. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed the psychoanalytical theory of the personality, whereby he divided it into layers; the unconscious, preconscious and the conscious. These represented different levels of awareness in our minds. He also described the personality as the id, which is essentially what we are born with and is where the basic sexual and aggressive drives reside, the ego, which starts to develop as soon as interaction with the environment begins, and the superego, which represents the moral aspect of humans according to society’s standards and values. He believed that we are born with these inner feelings of aggression, which we use as a tool to obtain the things we want, but unfortunately, society restricts the use of this horrible behaviour for obvious reasons. The display of aggressive behaviour would cause us to lose love and respect ending in lowered self-esteem. In order to get through life without imposing this unacceptable behaviour upon society, we have in our superego, incorporated something called ‘guilt’, which in turn makes us feel ashamed of this pushy, demanding insistence of gratification side of ourselves. However, this causes within us an eternal conflict that rages on through our everyday lives, in the unconscious level of our minds, where we only dimly recognise it. He was however, concerned that these energies could not be permanently ‘bottled up’ and suggested that redirection of these energies (catharsis)  into other channels ie.sport, work would be more socially acceptable. He called this sublimation and suggested that a good society would make this possible. Nevertheless, he remained pessimistic about this also as it only redirected the energy of aggression and did not really deal with the source of the ‘problem’. Freud (1920) called the destructive force that forms aggression, Thanatos -the death instinct (Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1920) and believed that this is a natural human condition that is also aimed at ourselves. However, our natural life instincts prevent anything happening, but Freud thoroughly believed that the destruction of ourselves is inevitable, as aggression will always be at war with society and therefore the greatest obstacle to peace. Burrhus F Skinner (1904-1990) who favoured the behaviourist approach to psychology, criticised the psychoanalytical theory by suggesting that psychology should be the study of behaviour and not just the mind. However, Skinner’s approach was radical, in that he did consider our inner thoughts and feelings, but denied that they had anything to do with behaviour (Skinner 1974). His study of behaviour involved close contact with the experimental laboratory, where he experimented with small animals such as rats and pigeons. As the experimenter, he was able to study the use of stimuli and reinforcement (cause and reward) of behaviour. Skinner pointed out that aggression, like any other form of behaviour, is a result of social and physical issues in our environments. With this in mind, he believed that human behaviour is therefore controllable. In Skinner’s view, if aggression is apparent in a person, then it is determined by past and present relevant events, together with genetic endowment, hereditary factors that are passed through our genes in the process of evolution. He argued that full knowledge of these two sets of factors, genetic endowment and personal history, hold the key to controlling behaviour such as aggression. The behaviourist approach fails to acknowledge individual free will and choice however, and the frustrations involved in the inability to express  these. It is often these unobservable issues that cause behaviours, such as aggression. When looking at positive reinforcement, Skinner often refused to consider the mental causes of aggression ie if a drunk tries to start a fight with you in a pub, Skinner’s theory would indicate that the best form of action from previous experience would be to walk away. This however, ignores the events leading up to this point, and you may decide to stay and fight or maybe stay and make friends. The mind selects a response according to the desired consequence, which is a natural part of every function we perform but is not a straightforward case of positive reinforcement. Carl R Rogers (1902-1987) was the founder of the humanistic approach to behaviour and like Maslow, he believed that there was nothing ‘bad’ about human behaviour and that we are capable of healthy growth towards Self Actualisation. This means that we have the potential to reach fulfilment and achieve warm relationships with others through acceptance and understanding of what we as humans are. In order to understand the actualising tendency, Rogers claims that we should firstly be congruent, meaning that we should be aware of our inner feelings and accept them as a part of our nature. In this respect, what we express from those feelings is pure and true. Secondly, we should be able to empathise with our fellow man, in that we can understand what everything means to them from their point of view, as if we were in their ‘world’. Thirdly, we should be able to convey unconditional positive regard, meaning that we should be able to accept things as they are and who our fellow man is, without judgement or prejudice and without placing conditions upon their worth. These are three essential ingredients for healthy growth towards being a fully functioning person. Obviously, with an approach such as this, there is little room for negative feelings such as aggression. Because of this positive force for healthy growth, Rogers believed that aggression could possibly be a result of a state of incongruence, where we may feel conflict between our sense of self and our ideal self (like Freud’s ego and superego) ie. When we become aware of our own set of values but are told by our parents to respect their set of values, taught to us previously, and the use of conditional regard is applied to enforce those values. This could  possibly cause aggression by way of retaliation. However, he would not see aggression as inevitable or even an appropriate response, only as a possible response. Rogers’ theory opposes Freud’s in that aggression is inevitable. However, these two approaches are similar in that they both believe that aggression is a result of conflict in the mind – Rogers’ sense of self and the ideal self are similar to Freud’s ego and superego. However, Rogers argues that we are not doomed as Freud views it. Rogers, who was optimistic about human nature, believed that rather than trying to repress the desires and needs that aggression demands, a self-actualised person would see that aggression is a part of our nature and that acceptance of it, along with all other feelings, serve to help us grow healthily in the way of a fully functioning person. As a humanist, Rogers believed that to try to hide from what is inherently a part of us is futile and the only approach to make is that of acceptance in order to believe in ourselves. He also recognised that aggression could be a healthy behaviour, as in competition. Freud’s view that aggression is a common human characteristic does not constitute proof that it is innate. His views on catharsis as being a way of controlling the drives also lack support, and indeed support from one of his earlier disciples, Alfred Alder. With regard to aggression being innate and inherent, is aggression the result of genetics, or is it simply an excuse we use for violent behaviour? Could the answer lie in our environment and what we learn from it? Experiments performed by behaviourists such as Skinner have proved this, but do they offer all the answers? Is man born a completely blank slate? If that is the case, why do we keep messing up? Is this what Skinner meant when he maintained that man takes immediate gratification rather than looking at the long-term consequences? The different approaches of Freud and Skinner offer interesting theories about the sources of aggression. Take violence on the television for instance. Freud may have considered this as a cathartic experience thus reducing the drive of aggression by way of siphoning off the built up pressure as discussed earlier. On the other hand however, Skinner would  consider that violence on the television would serve to condition us to be more violent and therefore increase aggression. In conclusion, it seems that each approach holds some validity whilst there is still room for further research. Freud discussed aggression and its source at great length but did not really offer any sound evidence about how to reduce it. Neither did he encourage further research into collecting more information about it. Skinner, on the other hand, had rather strong opinions about how to deal with aggression but offered little information as to its source. Rogers had little to say about what aggression actually is but whilst his opinions on how to deal with it seemed realistic and acceptable, his theory, like Freud’s, offers no real proof. However, early as these theories were, they did offer some valuable contributions to the theory of aggression. Theories which have developed over the years and are continuing to do so, even though the reasons for aggression, and indeed all other human emotions, still elude us, remaining continually beyond scientific explanation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Glassman, William E (2000) Approaches to Psychology (3rd Edition) Buckingham and Philadelphia USA Open University Press Reber, Arthur A and Emily (2001) The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (Third Edition) London, Penguin Books Ltd Nye, Robert D (1975) Three Psychologies: Perspectives from Freud, Skinner and Rogers (Fourth Edition) California, Brooks/Cole (Wadsworth Inc) http://www.goldenessays.com/free_essays/3/psychology/human_aggression.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002) http://www.term-papers.u/ts/gb/pnl141.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002) www.stolaf.edu/people/huff/classes/intro/skinner.html (accessed 30 12 2002) http://www.free_termpapers.com/tp/37/pko72.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002) http://www.free_termpapers.com/tp/37/pnl135.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002)

Ahp-Analyzing the Ahp Method with Exercise

1. Abstracts (with objective) By carrying out this home assignment, we can recognize the importance of AHP methods and master the way that how AHP would be used in actual exercises. 2. Introduction The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions. Based on mathematics and psychology, it was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s and has been extensively studied and refined since then.It has particular application in group decision making, and is used around the world in a wide variety of decision situations, in fields such as government, business, industry, healthcare, and education. Rather than prescribing a â€Å"correct† decision, the AHP helps decision makers find one that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions.Users of the AHP first decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of more easily comprehended sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate to any aspect of the decision problem—tangible or intangible, carefully measured or roughly estimated, well- or poorly-understood—anything at all that applies to the decision at hand. Once the hierarchy is built, the decision makers systematically evaluate its various elements by comparing them to one another two at a time, with respect to their impact on an element above them in the hierarchy.In making the comparisons, the decision makers can use concrete data about the elements, but they typically use their judgments about the elements' relative meaning and importance. It is the essence of the AHP that human judgments, and not just the underlying information, can be used in performing the evaluations. The AHP converts these eval uations to numerical values that can be processed and compared over the entire range of the problem. A numerical weight or priority is derived for each element of the hierarchy, allowing diverse and often incommensurable elements to be compared to one another in a rational and consistent way.This capability distinguishes the AHP from other decision making techniques. In the final step of the process, numerical priorities are calculated for each of the decision alternatives. These numbers represent the alternatives' relative ability to achieve the decision goal, so they allow a straightforward consideration of the various courses of action. Several firms supply computer software to assist in using the process. 3. Data & Results ? Assuming the choice of MBA course / Selecting 4 alternative models / Characteristics We are considering applying domestic MBA.To make various important elements of decision easier, we want to apply our decision situations to AHP. We selected 4 possible alter natives which have top name value in Korea. So we considered 4 alternatives which is Yonsei, Korea, Sung Kyun Kwan (SKK) and Sogang MBA. Each MBA course has a specified characteristics and it is reflected in criteria and subcriteria which is selected by our team. In general, The Master of Business Administration (MBA or M. B. A. ) is a master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines.The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out scientific approaches to management. The core courses in the MBA program are designed to introduce students to the various areas of business such as accounting, finance, marketing, human resources, operations management, etc. Students in MBA programs have the option of taking general business courses throughout the program or can select an area of concentration and focus approximately one-fourth of their studies in this subject. From now on, let’s study the each MBA course characteristics.University| Categories| Characteristics| Yonsei| Corporate MBA| ? Periods : 2 years (22 months) ? Credits to graduate : 45 credits? Sections : Finance / Marketing / Strategy ; Management? Focus on middle class managers who has a working experience| Korea| Korea MBA| ? Periods : 2 years (4semesters)? Credits to graduate : 45 credits? Sections : 8 specialized majors? Focus on educating workers with concept of consumers| SKK| Asia MBA| ? Periods : 2 years (4semesters)? Credits to graduate : 45 credits? Focus on education being based on globalization| Sogang| SIMBA| ? Periods : 2 years (4semesters)? Credits to graduate : 45 credits?Sections : Management / Finance? Subdivide the 3 tracks when applicants enter? Focus on getting a deep knowledge ; applying it to exercise| *Each graduated school has a lot of MBA course. But we choose the one course which is main categories ? Setting own criteria ; cubcriteria The first step is to model the problem as a hierarchy. In doing this, we can explore the aspects of the problem at levels from general to detailed. And to evaluate the each MBA course, we select 4 criteria and subcriteria which is NO. | Criteria| Subcriteria| 1. | Competition ratio| No subcriteria| 2. | Supporting| # of foreign professor| | # of dual degree with graduated school| 3. | Tuition| Tuition| | | Admission Fee| 4. | Curriculum| # of Lectures| | | # of English Lectures| – Competition ratio (represent the name value of school) In Korea, when applicants choose the university, the name value and traditionality of school is main factors. We think that competition ratio represent the name value of school. So it is deserved to rank in 1st. – Supporting (# of foreign professor / # of dual degree with graduated school) Of course, supporting option has to be considered in important factor. But this factor is not a main option to choosing the school.So we ra nk it in 4th. And in the aspects of subcriteria, we think that # of dual degree can be considered more heavily than # of foreign professor. So, we attach bigger weighted factor to # of dual degree than # of foreign professor. – Tuition (Tuition / Admission Fee) In financial situation of applicants, tuition of MBA course is very expensive. So, it can be a main factor of choosing the school. But it isn’t deserved to rank upper than competition ratio. So, we rank it in 2nd. Furthermore, in the aspects of subcriteria, we think that tuition can be considered more heavily than admission fee.Because admission fee have to be paid just one time when the applicants enter the school. So, we attach bigger weighted factor to tuition than admission fee. – Curriculum (# of Lectures / # of English Lectures) When applicants select the school, curriculum is serious factor that have to be concerned. But, as usual, each MBA course open the subject in similar. It means that it canâ €™t be a main factor. So, we rank it 3rd. Furthermore, in the aspects of subcriteria, we think that # of lecture can be considered more seriously than # of English lecture. Of course, in globalization is realized widely, English is needed whatever we do.But, diversity of subjects can be considered more important than # of English lectures. So, we attach bigger weighted factor to # of lecture than # of English lecture. So, we rank the each criteria ; subcriteria like Ranking (Scoring)| Criteria| Subcriteria| 1st| Competition ratio| No subcriteria| 2nd| Tuition| 1st| Tuition| | | 2nd| Admission Fee| 3rd| Curriculum| 1st| # of Lecture| | | 2nd| # of English Lecture| 4th| Supporting| 1st| # of dual degree| | | 2nd| # of foreign professor| ? Collecting the basic data of criteria ; subcriteria 1. Competition ratioUniversity| Categories| # of Recruitment| # of Applicant| # of Successful Candidate| Competitiveness ratio| Yonsei| Corporate MBA| 128| 502| 128| 3. 9 : 1| Korea| Korea MBA| 187| 920| 187| 4. 9 : 1| SKK| Asia MBA| 18| 39| 23| 2. 2 : 1| Sogang| SIMBA| 60| 127| 42| 2. 1 : 1| *Seoul University didn’t recruit the student in 2012. So, it is excluded. 2. Supporting (# of foreign professor / # of dual degree with graduated school) University| Categories| # of foreign professor| # of dual degree| Yonsei| Corporate MBA| 9| 2| Korea| Korea MBA| 14| 3| SKK| Asia MBA| 39| 4| Sogang| SIMBA| 2| 5| 3.Tuition (Tuition / Admission Fee, unit : ) University| Categories| Tuition| Admission Fee| Yonsei| Corporate MBA| 4000| 120| Korea| Korea MBA| 4200| 120| SKK| Asia MBA| 5000| 100| Sogang| SIMBA| 3700| 110| 4. Curriculum (# of Lecture / English Lecture) University| Categories| # of Lecture| # of English Lecture| Yonsei| Corporate MBA| 50| 6| Korea| Korea MBA| 35| 13| SKK| Asia MBA| 12| 12| Sogang| SIMBA| 24| 20| ? Applying AHP to choose a final model So, we determine the weighted factors like | Weighted factor of criteria| Weighted factor of subcriteria| Competitio n ratio| 0. 360| No subcriteria| Supporting| 0. 55| # of foreign professor| 0. 303| | | # of dual degree| 0. 697| Tuition| 0. 265| Tuition| 0. 909| | | Admission Fee| 0. 091| Curriculum| 0. 220| # of Lecture| 0. 602| | | # of English Lecture| 0. 398| 4. Discussion By using a AHP method, we can get a objective information which can make for us a wise decision in selecting the MBA school. Of course, it provides the verified standard in making a choice. But applicants’ preference can pass over that data. Furthermore, applicants’ specifications are different. So, choice is depending on own their decision. The AHP method is the only tool that can provide the objective data.

Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essays

Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essays Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essay Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essay Traditional criterion bing method follow general administrative, estimation of merchandise, distribution costs into consideration. In contrary, mark costing is demoing a more positive attack to pricing which is the pricing are consider prior to the production. For case, traditional bing set up a monetary value through identifies the cost based on the design of costs and adds a markup but in contrast, puting monetary value is the first measure of the mark costing. After puting a monetary value, minus the mark income and will making a cost. Target bing cut down the costs during the planning and design phase of the merchandise life rhythm since largely of the merchandise costs is identifies in the mark costing. Target bing reduces bing in the production phase and allocates more of the entire costs to the development at the development phase. Material demand planning, entire quality control, just-in-time are used in the cost cut downing procedure. Target bing method is suited for assembly oriented industries used which is medium to little volume production. hypertext transfer protocol: //maaw.info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumSakurai89.htm Case survey The followers of the instance survey is show the procedure of determined mark bing utilizing production and cost figures PCBM, a Silicon Valley PCB maker, is offered $ 50 per unit for 100,000 units of a multi-layer panel merchandise by an electronic maker. Return on gross revenues of the PCBM s return on gross revenues ( ROS ) rate is 25 per centum, on this offer the coveted return is $ 1,250,000. Sum of the offer: $ 50 x 100,000 units = $ 5,000,000. Desired return: 0.25 ten $ 50 = $ 12.50 per unit. Offer: $ 12.50 x 100,000 = 1,250,000. Gross saless monetary value coveted return = allowable cost for production $ 50,00 $ 12,50 = $ 37.50 The allowable cost for this production of 100,000 units is $ 37.50 per unit, or $ 3,750,000 for the offer. The estimated cost Idaho calculated by the cost direction squad as $ 42.00 per unit, or $ 4,200,000 for the offer. The cost was estimated based on two solder mask sides requested, four beds petitions, board length, five images per panel, board-width, one constituent fable side, estimated output rate of 85 % , panel size, stuff cost per panel of $ 20.00. The impact of accepting the offer on the production program and the cost of entire production for the period was besides considered. The different between allowable cost ( $ 3,750,000 ) and the estimated cost ( $ 4,200,000 ) for the offer, which is adopted as the mark cost decrease: $ 4,200,000 $ 3,750,000= $ 450,000 Strive to extinguish the different of $ 450,000 started with the VE activities. VE activities should concentrate on the defect rate and stuff handling and buying after careful assessment for long hr by production supervisors, cost direction employee, procedure and merchandise applied scientists Propose betterment in public presentation by 35 % , which is estimated to cut down unit cost by $ 2 after a series of surveies and analyses of stuff garbages and other types of defect were performed. But, since the new mark bing induced direction program has been accepted by all supervisors and directors of the works suggestion were sharply implemented by the procedure and countries involved. Improvements in stuff handling were centered on cut downing stuff traveling distances between the point of usage point and having the bringings. Several moves were analyzed to cut down the distances. Simultaneously, the buying group of PCBM entered a long dialogue procedure with the providers, in order to carry them to take down their monetary values. Consequence of the betterment activities was cut downing of another $ 1 per unit cost. The combined decrease in cost per unit of $ 3, a sum of $ 300,000, brought the cost to $ 3,900,000. Although still higher than the allowable cost which is $ 150,000 ( $ 4,200,000 $ 3,900,000 ) , but the top direction thought this cut down cost is considerable. Further action Management asked the selling squad to look back the $ 50,00 merchandising monetary value after the successful execution of the mark bing undertaking. Since the client was satisfied with the quality of the merchandise, they were antiphonal to the petition by PCBM for a reappraisal of the $ 50,00 monetary value. The client s representative tried to warrant the just degree of the current monetary value by indicating out that no check home base border was required, which would cut down fabrication costs. Since PCBM had already designed and implemented an activity-based costing ( ABC ) system, it was instead easy to show the cost impact of each constituent. PCBM s ABC system, which had five procedure centres, indicated the undermentioned costs of options: The cost of solder mask option: $ 2,00 The cost of component fable option: $ 1.00 Since the client s PCBM did nt necessitate tab plating, so the ABC system response that no cost to charged for the check plating option. This helped PCBM earn credibleness from the client sing the monetary value quotation marks and at the terminal the client agreed to see a monetary value addition in the close hereafter. The Real Weapon The existent power of mark costing is that it allows companies to successfully actuate employees and implement cost direction action programs. Target costing is a disciplined attack to pull offing costs and bettering procedures and merchandises. Target costing, as briefly illustrated here, is besides really compatible with the emerging ABC, which can supply necessary cost information for implementing mark costing. And aim costing can be as effectual in U.S. industry, as it has been in Japan. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/old/14979931.htm

Summary & Critical Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary & Critical Response - Essay Example rein some of the key findings stated that while teenagers may learn new skills at work, there is only little attention given in terms of the amount of time provided for acquiring a skill, or what significance it contributes. Another study found that those students who did part time job while in school could reduce the unemployment rate; however, this implies that many of those who started working in fast food chains eventually stopped their schooling and end up in â€Å"low-skill jobs.† Etzioni concludes that youngsters should balance their needs and other endeavors, but education must be their utmost priority. The discussion of the arguments presented in the article, â€Å"Working at McDonald’s,† by Amitai Etzioni is highly persuasive as the author supported and justified his arguments on practical grounds as manifested in the real setting. He cited similar studies to bring out factual information, although the discussion is limited in the context of the American culture. However, he further justified that there are various differences in work culture from one place to another; this is clear enough to say that some cases may not be true, or are only partially true in other cultures. From the tone of the language he used, it can be implied that he sympathizes with the present real experience of the youngsters today such that he considered how their values formation, as well as their character as individuals, could be affected if they are being hooked up from the influence of working in fast food chains. In addition, he emphasized that parents should not forget about their lifelong commitment and responsibility towards their children. They should not always consider that teen employment is educational but rather something like an activity that can provide a better opportunity for education and work. At the same time, it should consider that such activity can also be abusive. Finally, his persuasive discussion supported the validity of his arguments such that his

Answers for quiz questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answers for quiz questions - Essay Example It engages the consumers into falsified meta-communication and disturbs the commodified social relations (Strasser 145). McRobbie explains the commodity feminism by using different T.V shows’ female characters as examples. She talks about the series ‘Sex in the City’ in which the female characters are independent and career oriented. McRobbie also talks about the popular pre-school TV program â€Å"Dora the Explorer†. The purpose of talking about the female characters is to determine the gender appropriation. The examples given by her are commonly known by all and they better describe the film’s discussion by bringing to light the gender roles in this subject. She believes Dora to be an empowered active female subject(Coleman 19). Question 3: The Duffy piece focuses on the rhetoric of authenticity in women’s magazines. Using the reading, explain what she means by this and identify an example from the film in which we’re sold a different type of authenticity. As the term authenticity is being focused in the context of the Magazine, it refers to the inner â€Å"Real† beauty. The authentic beauty is a real body’s imperfect physical beauty. There is an opinion that a woman should choose a physical look to demonstrate her inner, real beauty (Bose 170). The commercial culture has been deploying the appeals to the self-expression. Women’s magazine and advertisements have been infusing increasingly with the rhetoric of authenticity (Sedivy and Carlson 43) â€Å"Thin! Bronzed! Botoxed! Blonde! Too many women—even famous ones—are caving into a cookie-cutter standard of beauty. True glamour means not conforming to some standard.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Glamour Magazine, 2008 Question 4: Identify and describe an example from the film where you see advertisers use misdirection in language. What is this language concealing? Using the same ad/campaign, identify 2 ways in which it fits into one of the phases of advertising. The advertisers studies